Supplementary material for the paper 'I see your gesture: A VR-based study of bi-directional communication between pedestrians and automated vehicles'
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Supplementary data for the paper Epke, M. R., Kooijman, L., & De Winter, J. C. F. (2021). I see your gesture: a VR-based study of bidirectional communication between pedestrians and automated vehicles. Journal of Advanced Transportation. Automated vehicles (AVs) are able to detect pedestrians reliably but still have difficulty in predicting pedestrians’ intentions from their implicit body language. This study examined the effects of using explicit hand gestures and receptive external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) in the interaction between pedestrians and AVs. Twenty-six participants interacted with AVs in a virtual environment while wearing a head-mounted display. The participants’ movements in the virtual environment were visualized using a motion-tracking suit. The first independent variable was the participants’ opportunity to use a hand gesture to increase the probability that the AV would stop for them. The second independent variable was the AV’s response “I SEE YOU,” displayed on an eHMI when the vehicle yielded. Accordingly, one-way communication (gesture or eHMI) and two-way communication (gesture and eHMI combined) were investigated. The results showed that the …
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